PREVIOUSLY: In Unit 12.1, we discussed how to teach
the sub topic “Talking about occupations of family members” in Form One.
IN THIS UNIT 12.2, we will focus on the better ways of teaching the sub
topic “Analysing non – factual information from
the media” in Form Two.
TOPIC’S INFORMATION
Main Topic: ANALYSING INFORMATION FROM THE MEDIA.
Sub Topic: Analysing non-factual information from the
media.
Periods per sub topic: 10.
Class: Form Two.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB TOPIC
In the previous sub topic, we
looked at identifying factual information. Now, in this sub topic, we are going
to look at identifying non-factual information. The world we live is full of
lies and truth or real things and probable things. All these aspects make is
necessary or important for one to have all knowledge of identifying factual
(real and measurable) information and non-factual (unreal and immeasurable)
information.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
The student should be able to
identify non-factual information from the media. The student should be equipped
with the knowledge of identifying factual and non-factual information in
various contexts by using different media sources.
- PREPARATION STAGE
This stage is about
the preparation of the teacher before undertaking the lessons of the particular
sub topic. These are all activities, procedures, materials, teaching aids, and
games prepared by the teacher for teaching a sub topic:
- Putting heads together. Introducing
the topic/lesson properly. Organising how students will be able to get to
know what is the topic/lesson about. It is where teacher makes sure that
students are going to be in his/her train. It includes brainstorming and
familiarisation of the topic/lesson with the students.
This makes students
stay together with the teacher. It is at this stage students can understand
what is going to be discussed in the particular topic.
- Preparation of Materials. A teacher
has to decide on the teaching/learning materials he/she is going to use. A
teacher should have prepared the teaching materials such as: newspapers
(and other texts, of course), radio, and TV. These materials are the
teaching media that should be carefully and efficiently applied to the
students as they try to find out non-factual information from them.
- Target Practice. Show them/Guide
them to the practice of the functions of the sub topic. A teacher has to
show or guide students to the target practice of the grammatical functions
of the sub topic. He/she has to prepare a text on both factual and non-factual
information as his/her model.
Then the teacher provides
his/her model text and guide students to study it and point out opinions.
TEXT (Patterns and structures)
A teacher should
have prepared the sample examples of the sentences that show how statements
with factual and non-factual information are formed and how do they look like,
that's, the acceptable sentence structures and expressions such as: Many
Tanzanians might participate in the coming elections and All students will probably pass the exam
next year.
- Context-Based Practice. A teacher
leads students to the discussion on how the target grammatical functions
practised earlier can be applied or integrated into the contexts and
situations. The students are guided by the teacher to apply the learnt
skills in relevant contexts and situations like school, home, in the news
like newspapers, radio, and TV.
- Vocabulary Building Practice. At this
time, teacher discusses with the students on the vocabularies and phrases
to apply in the already mentioned contexts and situations. In this sub
topic/lesson the most commonly applied vocabularies are: View, might, probably, may, possibly,
opinion, and likely.
- TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCEDURES,
ACTIVITIES AND GAMES
Guide the students
to the full lesson procedures, activities and games for better understanding of
the sub topic by following these activities:
Activity One: In this activity, the teacher
introduces the topic and the words, phrases, and expressions that show non-factual
information or opinions. These are the expressions that make it easy to identify
non-factual information.
While a fact is a
statement that can be proven true of false, untrue fact is a statement that
cannot be proven or that can be proven untrue or false. Non-factual information
is sometimes called opinion statement in which someone tries to convince
someone else.
Examples:
Tanzania is the largest
country in East Africa (true fact - can be proven true by checking the
reference books or maps)
Tanzania is probably
the poorest country in East Africa
(untrue fact - can be proven false, that's, no reference will show that fact)
Yams are possibly
bad for breakfast (untrue fact- can be proven false. There's an opinion signal
word 'possibly' to show that the information given is not factual but based on
speaker's or writer's opinion)
In my opinion, Tanzania is the best country in Africa (untrue fact
as it is introduced by an opinion signal 'in
my opinion')
Discussion of the Opinion Signal Words. These are words
that show the reader that the information conveyed is not factual or is just an
opinion. They are:
Believe
Possibly/probably
Least/most
Feel
My point of view
Always/never/ none
In my opinion
Other words are:
Advice/suggest
Think
My impression is...
Best/worst
Should/should not
May/may not
Activity Two: This is an activity in which
the teacher provides a text for the students to read. A teacher writes a text
on the board that include factual and non-factual information with above
opinion signal words included and at the end students should be asked to
identify statements (with signal words) that convey non-factual information and
those with factual information.
A Text:
My Country
Tanzania is the coolest country on African continent.
In my point of view, all European tourists come to Tanzania to experience the
best sceneries and other unbelievable tourist attractions. It's one of the countries
in East African Community which has 5 member States including Tanzania. I
believe no tourist can regret visiting Tanzania. Tanzanians should always feel
proud of their best country on earth! The visitors are strongly advised to
visit this country.
After the above
teacher’s model, students in groups or pairs are required to identify
non-factual information from the text studied.
This activity may depend
on the choice of the teacher on how he/she is going to arrange and guide
students to perform it. For example, one group can identify factual statements
and the other identifies non-factual statements from the same text (the above
text- a teacher’s model). Each group should discuss and list five statements.
A teacher can draw
a table like this below to help students work properly:
GROUP A
|
GROUP B
|
Factual
opinions
|
Non-factual
opinions
|
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
|
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
|
After identifying
factual and non-factual opinions from the text, students can finish up their
works by checking their answers.
Activity Three: Presentation of factual and non-factual
information found in the given text. The teacher now has to guide his/her students
to present their group works (their findings and answers) for the class
discussion. Here the tasks may be to underline or pick the words, phrases,
expressions or statements that show that the information conveyed is factual or
non-factual one.
The group works may
be presented in two ways. One, the groups may present their works by putting
them on the school/classroom noticeboard for others to see. Or they can present
their works orally before the class for other students to contribute and
comment on their works.
Activity Four: Identifying factual and non-factual
information from the Audio-visual media. These teaching media are carefully
selected by the teacher. These materials are like newspapers, recorded audio
and video speeches, news broadcast from radio and TV, and video tapes. Then,
students are assigned to point out factual and non-factual information from these
particular media. It is a good idea if these media are not entirely texts so
that they engage students in another media form apart from the text.
REFLECTION
Factual information and non-factual
information are available in our societies. Ask students how they find or
experience factual and non-factual information at their home, neighbourhood or
in the society in general. Ask them to tell when they came across factual
information or non-factual information in their society, is it from their
friends, classmates or parents?
ASSESSMENT
A teacher uses or applies the
various assessment tools such as oral questions and answers, assignments and
exercises in order to check if the student is able to identify non-factual
information from the media.
Assessment 1: Give students a text or audio-visual recorded tape
As a teacher, give students a
short text or various texts and ask them to identify the words, phrases, or
expressions that give out non-factual information in the text.
A teacher may also play an
audio or video and ask students to respond to the questions asked by the
teacher by using that particular media.
Assessment 2: Conduct a Debate-Like Discussion
Write a topic on the board.
For example, a topic may be like this "Early marriages".
Guide students to form two
groups. First group write the facts about the topic and the second group write
the untrue facts about the topic. Allow them to discuss and share the opinions
in groups. Draw a chart like this below. Allow then to contribute a debate.
FIRST
GROUP
|
SECOND
GROUP
|
Assessment 3: Let students Play a Game
Guide students to form groups
and tell them that they are going to determine which statement is factual or non-factual
(or opinion). Prepare 10 sentences; 5 sentences are about facts, and other 5
are about opinions. Mix these sentences. Throw a coin to get a starting group.
Write the first statement on the board and allow the starting group to respond.
There will be a winning group or draw.
SUMMARY/CONCLUSION
Ask students how they get rid
of non-factual information they encounter in their society. Guide them to
discuss the ways to make sure the non-factual information they get is properly
handled without misleading others. In short, a teacher can discuss with
students on how to prove any information they receive and prove if they are
either factual or non-factual one.
NOTE: These stages explained above
are not necessarily covered in a single lesson of single or double period.
Remember that this is the guide for teaching the whole sub topic which has
periods ranging from 6 to 20. So, the teacher's task is to divide these stages
according to the total number of periods for a particular sub topic.
Resources
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